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contemporary Workboat Company, boat builders; After extensive research, the 46’ pilot cutter Agnes was built to lines of the original Agnes of 1841, the top pilot cutter from the Isles of Scilly. Her dimensions are 46’ overall x 13’ 3” beam x 8’ 6” draft, she has a displacement of 26 tons.
The original Agnes had a long working life ending as the last cutter to work out of the Isles of Scilly under Captain Stephen Jenkins whose grandsons Alf and Barry launched Agnes in May 2003. She has proven to be an extremely fast vessel and light on the helm.
She first went across the Atlantic, but has now returned to the UK and is now kept by Working Sail. We use her as a demonstration vessel to give our customers a chance to experience the real thing. During summer months she also sails to all the festivals and races to fly the flag, and shows the other boat how it’s done.
Birds - The primary motto of Animalism is "Four legs good, two legs bad". The birds argued with this saying since it seems to exclude birds, which have two legs and two wings. Squealer set them at ease by explaining, "A bird's wing, comrades, is an organ of propulsion and not of manipulation. It should therefore be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing mark of man is the hand, the instrument with which he does all his mischief."
In real life, there were several classes of citizens 'left out' of socialist rhetoric as well. Most of the communistic slogans dealt with the 'proletariat' - which was primarily a reference to urban factory workers. The rural farmers, the clergy, the 'intelligentsia', and other 'non-labour union' types probably felt left out, just as the birds did in the novel. And, just as in real life, most would be left out - or killed - after the revolution.
The birds were different from the other animals - they stood on two legs. And in real-life, the peasant farmers were unique as well - many of them owned land. Though the land was eventually 'collectivized' by the state in the 1930's, these peasants were allowed to own land ('walk on two legs') for the first decade of communism. Property owners in the city lost their land (were forced to 'walk on four legs') immediately following the revolution. And the primary reason for this, as Squealer explained above, was that the peasants weren't using their ownership of property to enrich themselves on the backs of the workers - they generally farmed the land themselves, and so their land ownership was tolerated for some time (their wings were "an organ of propulsion, not of manipulation").
Description
Name Pearce, Stephen
Official Number: 288161
Place of Birth: Scilly Isles, Cornwall
Date 01 April 1873
Catalogue reference ADM 188/463links to the Catalogue
Dept Records of the Admiralty, Naval Forces, Royal Marines, Coastguard, and related bodies
Series Admiralty: Royal Navy Registers of Seamen's Services
Piece 288001-288500
Image contains 1 document of many for this catalogue reference
The vowels in Welsh are a, e, i, o, u, w, y. In pronouncing these, none should ever be slurred or neutralized, as in English one neutralizes the final e in little, or the a and the o in attention: each must always have full value. A, when long, has the sound of a in father; when short, it has the sound of a in fat. So e varies between the sound of ai in pain and that of e in pen; i, between ee in feel and i in fill; o, short, is as o in hot; the long sound of it is between the a of all and the ow in know. U has the sound of the French u in une or the German u modified; those who know not this sound can pronounce it in the same way as the Welsh i taking feel and fill as key words. W varies between the sounds of oo in fool and u in full: we should write either word fwl. Y, in final syllables or monosyllables is commonly the equivalent of the u (feel, fill); in other places it varies between the u in burn and the u in bun; as a word by itself, meaning the, it has the sound of u in fur.
It will be seen that the two sounds given for each vowel are in reality the same in kind; they differ only in quantity. Of course all rules given for the pronunciation of any language in terms of another language can only be approximate; so here one may say that in pronouncing any Welsh vowel the safest plan will be to steer a middle course between the long sounds and the short ones as given above; making your a's neither so broad as the broad English a in father, nor so short as the one in fat. Then one should remember that the accent falls always on the last syllable but one -- except perhaps in such words as Penclawdd, Penbardd, Prif-fardd, in which two words are joined together, and the accent would tend to fall equally on either.
Of the consonants, b, d, 1, m, n, p, t, are pronounced as in English. C is always equal to English k; ch is pronounced as in Scots loch, it is something like the German ch, or the Spanish j. Dd has the sound of th in that, thy, this or breathe. F is the English v; ff is the English f; the two words of and off are keywords for these two consonants; though English words they are written with Welsh letters. G is always like g in gave, give, or get. Ng is always like ng in sing; never as in singe or finger. H is always well aspirated. LI is simply an aspirated l; there is no th in it, no sh in it, no sort of splurge or splutter in it; it presents no difficulty until one tries to pronounce it by twisted and sidelong motions of the tongue. So mh and nh are aspirated m and n respectively; ph is f (as in English) ; rh is an aspirated r, and r is well trilled on the end of the tongue as in Spanish or Italian; it is not a guttural r, as in the American pronunciation of English; nor a knock-kneed nonentity as in the English pronunciation of it. S has never the sound of z, always that of English ss; when followed by i and another vowel, however, the si becomes equal to English sh; thus Moel Siabod we pronounce (nearly) Moyle Shab'-od. Th is like the English th in breath, thigh; breathe we might write in Welsh letters bridd; but breath we should write breth.
Of the diphthongs: ai, ae, au, ei, eu, ey, may all be pronounced like the i in fine, quite or pile; there are of course differences between these diphthongs, but there is no English sound, except in dialects, that will express them. Aw is like wo in cow; ew is a combination or unification of the sound of ay as in day as the first part and the sound of oo as in fool as the second; make one sound, a true diphthong, of these two, and you have it. (This sound is common enough in the cockney dialect). Iw is eeoo -- like the ew in new. Wy is ooee -- but made one sound, not as in coo-ee. Oe, oi, ou may be pronounced as oy in boy. Lastly, w becomes a consonant generally when it follows g; i, when it precedes another vowel: thus Gwyn = Gwin; Taliesin is Tal-yes'-in, not Tally-esin.
Perhaps it will make this clearer if we give approximate pronunciations for the chief proper names in the book.
DYFED: the dyf is equivalent to the English dove; it rhymes with love, above, shove, and so on. Also the accent falls on it. The ed is equivalent to English head, when once the initial h of that word has been dropped.
PWYLL: Pooeelh; there is no better way of writing it in English characters.
HU GADARN: Hü Gad'-arrn (or one may call it Hee, if necessary).
CERIDWEN: Kerr-id'-wen (Ceridwen Ren ferch Hu: Kerrid'-wen Rain vair -- rhymes with fair -- kHee). .
TEULU: tilee; it rhymes (more or less) with Smiley or highly.
MANAWYDDAN: Man-ah-wee'-than.
PRYDERI: Pree-dairy.
GWYDION: Gwid'-yon.
GLOSSARY
AB, FAB, MAB. Son, youth, the son of.
ABRED. The Cylch yr Abred or Circle of Inchoation was the lowest of the three circles or planes of existence according to Druidic philosophy. In it the host of souls go through the cycles of incarnation, passing from the mineral to the vegetable, thence to the animal and finally to the human kingdom; in which last they have the power of choosing good and warring against evil (cythraul), and at last attaining godhood or immortality. The four stages of Abred are: Annwn, Obryn, Cydfil, and Dyndeb.
AFANC. A monster that dwelt in the Lake of Floods (Bala Lake), and caused the water to rise till the land was drowned. Hu Gadarn, when he led the Cymry into the Island of the Mighty, dragged the Afanc out of the lake with his two oxen, Nynnio and Peibio; thus saving the land from the oppression of waters.
ANNWN. The Underworld, the lowest plane of Abred.
AWEN. The muse, the inspiration of the poets. Tydain Tad Awen, Tydain father of the Muse, according to the Iolo MSS., the founder of Druidism.
BACH. Little, used commonly as a term of endearment.
BENADUR (PENADUR). Chieftain.
BENBARDD (PENBARDD). Chief of Bards.
BRIF-FARDD (PRIF-FARDD). Primitive Bard, a term applied to Plenydd, Alawn, and Gwron, the three disciples of Tad Awen. (see Iolo MSS.)
BYD. The world.
CAER. Castle, stronghold. Caer Hun, the Castle of Sleep; Caer Drais, the Castle of Violence; Caer Hedd, the Castle of Peace. Caer Sidi, Caer Ochren, Caer Fedifyd, have their mention in Taliesin's Preiddieu Annwn (The Spoils of the Deep).
CANTREF. A division of the land; there might be two or three to six or seven of them in a modern county. A commote is a smaller division than a cantref. See the History of Wales by Professor Lloyd of Bangor; also for the location of the various cantrefi mentioned; and for explanations of the duties, etc., of the various officials of the Welsh court, such as the Distain, Chief Judge, Penteulu.
CEUGANT. The highest of the three druidic circles of Existence: the World of the Absolute.
COELBREM. The ancient alphabet of the Druids, according to the Iolo MSS. It bears a close resemblance to the alphabet of the Celtiberian inscriptions found in Spain.
CRINTACH. Curmudgeon.
CYTHRAUL. The principle of evil; nowadays, the devil.
CYMRAEG. The Welsh language. Cymru, Wales. Cymry, the Welsh; traditionally, the first of the three races that occupied Britain by peaceful invasion and consent. The other two were the Brythons and the Lloegrwys. Science also speaks of the Ancient Britons as composite of three racial stocks, calling these Iberians, Gaels, and Brythons.
CYNGHANEDD. The system of consonance used in certain of the Welsh meters, e.g.:
Yr alarch ar ei wiw lyn
ABid galch fel aBad gwyn. -- Dafydd ab Gwilym
DISTAIN. An official of the king's court, according to the Laws of Hywel Dda.
DRWG, GWAETH, GWAETHAF OLL. Bad, worse, worst of all.
FAB. See Ab.
FERCH (MERCH). The daughter of.
GADARN. Mighty.
GAWR (CAWR). Giant.
GOREU. The Best. Goreu fab Ser, the Best One, the son of the Stars. The Caer of Gwydion ab Don was the Milky Way.
GORSEDD. Primarily a throne, in which sense it is used in the term Gorsedd Arberth. Secondarily, the throne or Chair (somewhat in the sense of a chair at a University) of a bard; thence, a School of Bards, as the Gorsedd of Glamorgan; thence, an assembly of Druids and Bards for the carrying out of sacred rites.
GWENT ISCOED. A kingdom in the neighborhood of Monmouthshire.
GWERDDONAU LLION. The Green Places of the Floods, the Islands of the Blessed in the West of the World.
GWINIONYDD. A cantref on the north bank of the Teifi in Cardigan. G.
GWYDDEL. Goidhel, Gael or Irish.
GWYDDON. Scientist or philosopher. Here used as an adjective, with the meaning of pertaining to the Gwyddoniaid, according to the Iolo MSS., a school of predruidic sages and enchanters.
GWYNFYD. The second of the three circles of Existence, the Circle of Bliss. At the time when the Deity, waking in Ceugant from the Universal Night (which had been preceded by other universal days and nights) sounded His own Threefold Name -- the Tair Gwaedd or Three Shouts of the story -- in order to waken the Universe from latent into manifested being, so that the stars and suns and systems "flashed into manifestation more swiftly than the lightning reaches its home"; the Blessed Ones or Gwynfydolion, who are ourselves, awoke in Gwynfyd, and looked forth over the gulf of Abred, the Great Deep; and saw the heights of Ceugant unattained; and determined to ride forth through space and take Ceugant by storm. On that expedition we still are traveling; for passing through Abred we were unable to withstand its tempting hosts, and fell into matter and incarnation; and it is with the gathered spoils of the deep, the experience of ages upon ages, that we shall come at last to the peaks of Ceugant, victors. (See Barddas, Iolo MSS., and other writings of the Glamorgan School).
HAI ATTON. Literally, Heigh to us! The bugle call for gathering the hosts. (See Allen Raine's Hearts of Wales, our sole authority for the use of this term. We have much to be thankful to Allen Raine for; and still more if she invented this glorious phrase.) Hai is pronounced like English high.
HEN. Ancient.
HIRLAS. A drinking-horn; literally, "long blue."
HU GADARN. According to Richards' Dictionary, hu means "the all-pervading."
HWYL. The method of chanting used in Wales for poetry and rhetoric. The word means "sail"; the idea being that the inspiration drives and fills the spoken words with a certain vibrant, singing quality of sound, as the wind fills and drives and swells the sails of a ship.
LLOEGR. England.
MABWNION. A cantref in Cardigan.
MON. Anglesey.
MYNWY. Monmouthshire.
MYNYDD. Mountain. Mynydd Amanw, the Black Mountain in Carmarthenshire.
O FOROEDD AC O FYNYDD, etc.
"Out of the seas and the mountain,
And the waves of the rivers,
Comes a God with gifts for the fortunate." -- Taliesin, Dyhuddiant Elphin
PAIR DADENI. The Cauldron of Reincarnation, the Cauldron of Ceridwen.
PEN. Head, Chieftain.
PENBARDD. See Benbardd.
PENDEFIG. Prince, Chieftain.
PENNILLION. Verses.
PENTEULU. The Chief of the Teulu.
PRIF-FARDD. See Brif-fardd.
TEULU. In modern Welsh, Household; but here it has the old meaning of the standing army or bodyguard of the Welsh Princes. The teulu consisted generally of a hundred and twenty men of the noble class, whose duty it was to be exterminated in battle before the king should be slain. (See Professor Lloyd's History, to which we are indebted for this and much other information.)
YNYS. Island. Ynys Prydain, Ynys Wen, Ynys y Cedyrn: the Beautiful Isle (or Island of Prydain ab Aedd Mawr, an ancient king), the White or Sacred Isle, the Island of the Mighty: names of Ancient Britain. I suppose that the phrase "the three Islands of the Mighty," used in the Mabinogion, would be really the equivalent of "the threefold or three-divisioned Island of the Mighty," and would refer to the three divisions of that island, ancient as well as modern: Cymru, Kernow, and Alban; Wales, Cornwall, and Scotland.
The Isles of Scilly (pronounced /ˈsɪli/; Cornish: Syllan/ En-Nour/ Ennor) form an archipelago off the southwestern tip of the Cornish peninsula of Great Britain. The islands have had a unitary authority council since 1890, and are separate from the Cornwall unitary authority, but some services are combined with Cornwall and the islands are still part of the ceremonial county of Cornwall. This council is part of the UK and currently known as the Council of the Isles of Scilly.
The correct name for the islands is the Isles of Scilly, or simply Scilly; the people of Scilly consider the term "Scilly Isles" to be incorrect. The adjective "Scillonian" is sometimes used for people or things related to the archipelago.
Scilly has been inhabited since the Stone Age and its history has been one of subsistence living until the early 20th century (people lived from what they could get from the land or the sea). Farming and fishing continue today, but the main industry now is tourism.
The islands may correspond to the Cassiterides (Tin Isles) visited by the Phoenicians and mentioned by the Greeks. However, the archipelago itself no longer contains much surface deposits of tin—it may be that they were used as a ritualist/staging post from the mainland.
It is likely that until relatively recent times the Isles were much larger with many of them joined into one island, named Ennor. Rising sea levels flooded the central plain around 400–500 AD, forming the current islands.[5]
Evidence for the older large island includes:
* A description in Roman times describes Scilly as "Scillonia insula" in the singular, as if there were a single island or an island much bigger than any of the others.
* Remains of a prehistoric farm have been found on Nornour, which is now a small rocky skerry far too small for farming.[2][6]
* At certain low tides the sea becomes shallow enough for people to walk between some of the islands. This is possibly one of the sources for stories of drowned lands, e.g. Lyonesse.
* Ancient field walls are visible below the high tide line off some of the islands (e.g. Samson).
* Some of the Cornish language place names also appear to reflect past shorelines, and former land areas.[7]
* The whole of southern England has been steadily sinking in opposition to post-glacial rebound in Scotland: this has caused the rias (drowned river valleys) on the southern Cornish coast, e.g. River Fal and the Tamar Estuary.
Offshore, midway between Land's End and the Isles of Scilly, is the supposed location of the mythical lost land of Lyonesse, referred to in Arthurian literature. This may be a folk memory of inundated lands, but this legend is also common amongst the Brythonic peoples; the legend of Ys is a parallel and cognate legend in Brittany. Norse and Norman period
Olaf Tryggvason, who supposedly visited the islands in 986. It is said an encounter with a cleric there led him to Christianise Norway
At the time of King Cnut, the Isles of Scilly fell outside England, as did Wales and Cornwall
In 995 Olaf Tryggvason would become King Olaf I of Norway. Born c. 960, Olaf had raided various European cities and fought in several wars. In 986 however, he (supposedly) met a Christian seer on the Isles of Scilly. In Snorri Sturluson's Royal Sagas of Norway, it is stated that this seer told him:
Thou wilt become a renowned king, and do celebrated deeds. Many men wilt thou bring to faith and baptism, and both to thy own and others' good; and that thou mayst have no doubt of the truth of this answer, listen to these tokens. When thou comest to thy ships many of thy people will conspire against thee, and then a battle will follow in which many of thy men will fall, and thou wilt be wounded almost to death, and carried upon a shield to thy ship; yet after seven days thou shalt be well of thy wounds, and immediately thou shalt let thyself be baptised.
The legend continues that, as the seer foretold, Olaf was attacked by a group of mutineers upon returning to his ships. As soon as he had recovered from his wounds, he let himself be baptized. He then stopped raiding Christian cities and lived in England and Ireland. In 995 he used an opportunity to return to Norway. When he arrived, the Haakon Jarl was already facing a revolt. Olaf Tryggvason persuaded the rebels to accept him as their king, and Haakon Jarl was killed by his own slave, while he was hiding from the rebels in a pig sty.
With the Norman Conquest, the Isles of Scilly came more under centralised control. About twenty years later, the Domesday survey was conducted. The islands would have formed part of the "Exeter Domesday" circuit, which included Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, and Wiltshire.
In the mid-12th century there was reportedly a Viking attack on the Isles of Scilly, called Syllingar by the Norse,[8] recorded in the Orkneyinga saga— Sweyn Asleifsson "went south, under Ireland, and seized a barge belonging to some monks in Syllingar and plundered it."[8] (Chap LXXIII)
"...the three chiefs—Swein , Þorbjörn and Eirik—went out on a plundering expedition. They went first to the Suðreyar [Hebrides], and all along the west to the Syllingar, where they gained a great victory in Maríuhöfn on Columba's-mass [9th June], and took much booty. Then they returned to the Orkneys."[8]
"Maríuhöfn", literally means "Mary's Harbour/Haven". The name doesn't make it clear whether it referred to a harbour on a larger island than today's St Mary's, or a whole island.
It is generally considered that Cornwall, and possibly the Isles of Scilly came under the dominion of the English Crown late in the reign of Athelstan. In early times one group of islands was in the possession of a confederacy of hermits. King Henry I gave it to the abbey of Tavistock who established a priory on Tresco which was
Middle Ages and early modern period
Scilly was one of the Hundreds of Cornwall in the early 19th century (formerly known as Cornish Shires).
At the turn of the 14th century, the Abbot and convent of Tavistock Abbey petitioned the king saying that they
"state that they hold certain isles in the sea between Cornwall and Ireland, of which the largest is called Scilly, to which ships come passing between France, Normandy, Spain, Bayonne, Gascony, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and Cornwall: and, because they feel that in the event of a war breaking out between the kings of England and France, or between any of the other places mentioned, they would not have enough power to do justice to these sailors, they ask that they might exchange these islands for lands in Devon, saving the churches on the islands appropriated to them."[10]
William le Poer, coroner of Scilly, is recorded in 1305 as being worried about the extent of wrecking in the islands, and sending a petition to the King. The names provide a wide variety of origins, e.g. Robert and Henry Sage (English), Richard de Tregenestre (Cornish), Ace de Veldre (French), Davy Gogch (possibly Welsh, or Cornish), and Adam le Fuiz Yaldicz (Spanish?).
It is not known at what point the islands' inhabitants stopped speaking Cornish, but it seems to have gone into decline during the Middle Ages. The islands appear to have lost the old Celtic language before parts of Penwith on the mainland, in contrast to the history of Irish or Scottish Gaelic.
During the English Civil War, the Parliamentarians captured the isles, only to see their garrison mutiny and return the isles to the Royalists. By 1651, the Royalist governor, Sir John Grenville, was using the islands as a base for privateering raids on Commonwealth and Dutch shipping. It was during this period that the Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War started between the isles and the Netherlands. In June 1651, Admiral Robert Blake captured the isles for the Parliamentarians. Blake's initial attack, on Old Grimsby, failed, but the next attacks succeeded in taking Tresco and Bryher. Blake set up a battery on Tresco to fire on St. Mary's, but one of the guns exploded, killing its crew and injuring Blake himself. A second battery proved more successful. Subsequently, Grenville and Blake negotiated terms that permitted the Royalists to surrender honourably. The Parliamentary forces then set to fortifying the islands. They built Cromwell's Castle—a gun platform on the west side of Tresco—using materials scavenged from an earlier gun platform further up the hill. Although this poorly sited earlier platform dated back to the 1550s, it is now referred to as King Charles's Castle.
The islands appear to have been raided frequently by Barbary pirates.
On February 18th 1911, Bernard Leach, a painter and printmaker went with his friend Tomomoto to see if they could organise an exhibition of their drawings at the newly opened independent art gallery Gahosha, in Tokyo.
The owners gladly assented and invited the newcomers to join other artists in the tearoom to the rear of the building. Someone who spoke English suggested to Leach that he paint a design on a teabowl, this he did.
The bowl was put into a small charcoal fired raku kiln on the veranda of the house, three quarters of an hour later the kiln was registering a blistering 1000centigrade.
The hot pot was then picked out with tongs and put on the floor beside the kiln.
Bernard says of his time: "To my amazement the pottery withstood this treatment, the colour gradually changed and crackles formed in the glaze, twenty minutes later someone handed me the pot back in a piece of cloth. I was entralled and on the spot was seized with the desire to take up this craft." The rest is history.
Rosemary handmade Soap is one of our favourite products. A soap for revival after a long day. One of the green collection of soaps, Rosemary was the first essential oil we distilled, producing a very fresh, herbal scent. Handmade on our flower farm on St Agnes, Isles of Scilly.
Rosemary has a wide reputation of being an excellent hair product, said to encourage hair growth, in fact the head seems to benefit greatly from this wonderful herb, as for centuries it has been used to boost the memory and revive tired brains. Perhaps a good soap for students to use in exam time!
First article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Yma pub den genys frank hag equal yn dynyta hag yn gwyryow.
Ymons y enduys gans reson ha keskans hag y tal dhedhans omdhon an eyl orth y gela yn sperys a vredereth.
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contemporary Workboat Company, boat builders; After extensive research, the 46’ pilot cutter Agnes was built to lines of the original Agnes of 1841, the top pilot cutter from the Isles of Scilly. Her dimensions are 46’ overall x 13’ 3” beam x 8’ 6” draft, she has a displacement of 26 tons.
The original Agnes had a long working life ending as the last cutter to work out of the Isles of Scilly under Captain Stephen Jenkins whose grandsons Alf and Barry launched Agnes in May 2003. She has proven to be an extremely fast vessel and light on the helm.
She first went across the Atlantic, but has now returned to the UK and is now kept by Working Sail. We use her as a demonstration vessel to give our customers a chance to experience the real thing. During summer months she also sails to all the festivals and races to fly the flag, and shows the other boat how it’s done.
Birds - The primary motto of Animalism is "Four legs good, two legs bad". The birds argued with this saying since it seems to exclude birds, which have two legs and two wings. Squealer set them at ease by explaining, "A bird's wing, comrades, is an organ of propulsion and not of manipulation. It should therefore be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing mark of man is the hand, the instrument with which he does all his mischief." In real life, there were several classes of citizens 'left out' of socialist rhetoric as well. Most of the communistic slogans dealt with the 'proletariat' - which was primarily a reference to urban factory workers. The rural farmers, the clergy, the 'intelligentsia', and other 'non-labour union' types probably felt left out, just as the birds did in the novel. And, just as in real life, most would be left out - or killed - after the revolution. The birds were different from the other animals - they stood on two legs. And in real-life, the peasant farmers were unique as well - many of them owned land. Though the land was eventually 'collectivized' by the state in the 1930's, these peasants were allowed to own land ('walk on two legs') for the first decade of communism. Property owners in the city lost their land (were forced to 'walk on four legs') immediately following the revolution. And the primary reason for this, as Squealer explained above, was that the peasants weren't using their ownership of property to enrich themselves on the backs of the workers - they generally farmed the land themselves, and so their land ownership was tolerated for some time (their wings were "an organ of propulsion, not of manipulation").
LIKE 2 ...Bella composición..Yendo al futuro y dejando el pasado atrás..!...Saludos de Danliel,San Gregorio,Santa Fe,Argentina
Well spotted, look at the shining example on the left - its even captured your reflection!
Description
Name Pearce, Stephen Official Number: 288161 Place of Birth: Scilly Isles, Cornwall Date 01 April 1873 Catalogue reference ADM 188/463links to the Catalogue Dept Records of the Admiralty, Naval Forces, Royal Marines, Coastguard, and related bodies Series Admiralty: Royal Navy Registers of Seamen's Services Piece 288001-288500 Image contains 1 document of many for this catalogue reference
Number of image files: 1
The vowels in Welsh are a, e, i, o, u, w, y. In pronouncing these, none should ever be slurred or neutralized, as in English one neutralizes the final e in little, or the a and the o in attention: each must always have full value. A, when long, has the sound of a in father; when short, it has the sound of a in fat. So e varies between the sound of ai in pain and that of e in pen; i, between ee in feel and i in fill; o, short, is as o in hot; the long sound of it is between the a of all and the ow in know. U has the sound of the French u in une or the German u modified; those who know not this sound can pronounce it in the same way as the Welsh i taking feel and fill as key words. W varies between the sounds of oo in fool and u in full: we should write either word fwl. Y, in final syllables or monosyllables is commonly the equivalent of the u (feel, fill); in other places it varies between the u in burn and the u in bun; as a word by itself, meaning the, it has the sound of u in fur.
It will be seen that the two sounds given for each vowel are in reality the same in kind; they differ only in quantity. Of course all rules given for the pronunciation of any language in terms of another language can only be approximate; so here one may say that in pronouncing any Welsh vowel the safest plan will be to steer a middle course between the long sounds and the short ones as given above; making your a's neither so broad as the broad English a in father, nor so short as the one in fat. Then one should remember that the accent falls always on the last syllable but one -- except perhaps in such words as Penclawdd, Penbardd, Prif-fardd, in which two words are joined together, and the accent would tend to fall equally on either.
Of the consonants, b, d, 1, m, n, p, t, are pronounced as in English. C is always equal to English k; ch is pronounced as in Scots loch, it is something like the German ch, or the Spanish j. Dd has the sound of th in that, thy, this or breathe. F is the English v; ff is the English f; the two words of and off are keywords for these two consonants; though English words they are written with Welsh letters. G is always like g in gave, give, or get. Ng is always like ng in sing; never as in singe or finger. H is always well aspirated. LI is simply an aspirated l; there is no th in it, no sh in it, no sort of splurge or splutter in it; it presents no difficulty until one tries to pronounce it by twisted and sidelong motions of the tongue. So mh and nh are aspirated m and n respectively; ph is f (as in English) ; rh is an aspirated r, and r is well trilled on the end of the tongue as in Spanish or Italian; it is not a guttural r, as in the American pronunciation of English; nor a knock-kneed nonentity as in the English pronunciation of it. S has never the sound of z, always that of English ss; when followed by i and another vowel, however, the si becomes equal to English sh; thus Moel Siabod we pronounce (nearly) Moyle Shab'-od. Th is like the English th in breath, thigh; breathe we might write in Welsh letters bridd; but breath we should write breth.
Of the diphthongs: ai, ae, au, ei, eu, ey, may all be pronounced like the i in fine, quite or pile; there are of course differences between these diphthongs, but there is no English sound, except in dialects, that will express them. Aw is like wo in cow; ew is a combination or unification of the sound of ay as in day as the first part and the sound of oo as in fool as the second; make one sound, a true diphthong, of these two, and you have it. (This sound is common enough in the cockney dialect). Iw is eeoo -- like the ew in new. Wy is ooee -- but made one sound, not as in coo-ee. Oe, oi, ou may be pronounced as oy in boy. Lastly, w becomes a consonant generally when it follows g; i, when it precedes another vowel: thus Gwyn = Gwin; Taliesin is Tal-yes'-in, not Tally-esin.
Perhaps it will make this clearer if we give approximate pronunciations for the chief proper names in the book.
DYFED: the dyf is equivalent to the English dove; it rhymes with love, above, shove, and so on. Also the accent falls on it. The ed is equivalent to English head, when once the initial h of that word has been dropped.
PWYLL: Pooeelh; there is no better way of writing it in English characters.
RHIANON: Rhee-ann'-onn.
GWRI GWALLT EURYN: Goor'-ee Gwalht Eye'-reen.
DIENW 'R ANFFODION: D'-yenn'-oorr Anfod'-yon.
HU GADARN: Hü Gad'-arrn (or one may call it Hee, if necessary).
CERIDWEN: Kerr-id'-wen (Ceridwen Ren ferch Hu: Kerrid'-wen Rain vair -- rhymes with fair -- kHee). .
TEULU: tilee; it rhymes (more or less) with Smiley or highly.
MANAWYDDAN: Man-ah-wee'-than.
PRYDERI: Pree-dairy.
GWYDION: Gwid'-yon.
GLOSSARY
AB, FAB, MAB. Son, youth, the son of.
ABRED. The Cylch yr Abred or Circle of Inchoation was the lowest of the three circles or planes of existence according to Druidic philosophy. In it the host of souls go through the cycles of incarnation, passing from the mineral to the vegetable, thence to the animal and finally to the human kingdom; in which last they have the power of choosing good and warring against evil (cythraul), and at last attaining godhood or immortality. The four stages of Abred are: Annwn, Obryn, Cydfil, and Dyndeb.
AFANC. A monster that dwelt in the Lake of Floods (Bala Lake), and caused the water to rise till the land was drowned. Hu Gadarn, when he led the Cymry into the Island of the Mighty, dragged the Afanc out of the lake with his two oxen, Nynnio and Peibio; thus saving the land from the oppression of waters.
ANNWN. The Underworld, the lowest plane of Abred.
AWEN. The muse, the inspiration of the poets. Tydain Tad Awen, Tydain father of the Muse, according to the Iolo MSS., the founder of Druidism.
BACH. Little, used commonly as a term of endearment.
BENADUR (PENADUR). Chieftain.
BENBARDD (PENBARDD). Chief of Bards.
BRIF-FARDD (PRIF-FARDD). Primitive Bard, a term applied to Plenydd, Alawn, and Gwron, the three disciples of Tad Awen. (see Iolo MSS.)
BYD. The world.
CAER. Castle, stronghold. Caer Hun, the Castle of Sleep; Caer Drais, the Castle of Violence; Caer Hedd, the Castle of Peace. Caer Sidi, Caer Ochren, Caer Fedifyd, have their mention in Taliesin's Preiddieu Annwn (The Spoils of the Deep).
CANTREF. A division of the land; there might be two or three to six or seven of them in a modern county. A commote is a smaller division than a cantref. See the History of Wales by Professor Lloyd of Bangor; also for the location of the various cantrefi mentioned; and for explanations of the duties, etc., of the various officials of the Welsh court, such as the Distain, Chief Judge, Penteulu.
CEUGANT. The highest of the three druidic circles of Existence: the World of the Absolute.
COELBREM. The ancient alphabet of the Druids, according to the Iolo MSS. It bears a close resemblance to the alphabet of the Celtiberian inscriptions found in Spain.
CRINTACH. Curmudgeon.
CYTHRAUL. The principle of evil; nowadays, the devil.
CYMRAEG. The Welsh language. Cymru, Wales. Cymry, the Welsh; traditionally, the first of the three races that occupied Britain by peaceful invasion and consent. The other two were the Brythons and the Lloegrwys. Science also speaks of the Ancient Britons as composite of three racial stocks, calling these Iberians, Gaels, and Brythons.
CYNGHANEDD. The system of consonance used in certain of the Welsh meters, e.g.:
Yr alarch ar ei wiw lyn ABid galch fel aBad gwyn. -- Dafydd ab Gwilym
DISTAIN. An official of the king's court, according to the Laws of Hywel Dda.
DRWG, GWAETH, GWAETHAF OLL. Bad, worse, worst of all.
FAB. See Ab.
FERCH (MERCH). The daughter of.
GADARN. Mighty.
GAWR (CAWR). Giant.
GOREU. The Best. Goreu fab Ser, the Best One, the son of the Stars. The Caer of Gwydion ab Don was the Milky Way.
GORSEDD. Primarily a throne, in which sense it is used in the term Gorsedd Arberth. Secondarily, the throne or Chair (somewhat in the sense of a chair at a University) of a bard; thence, a School of Bards, as the Gorsedd of Glamorgan; thence, an assembly of Druids and Bards for the carrying out of sacred rites.
GWENT ISCOED. A kingdom in the neighborhood of Monmouthshire.
GWERDDONAU LLION. The Green Places of the Floods, the Islands of the Blessed in the West of the World.
GWINIONYDD. A cantref on the north bank of the Teifi in Cardigan. G.
GWYDDEL. Goidhel, Gael or Irish.
GWYDDON. Scientist or philosopher. Here used as an adjective, with the meaning of pertaining to the Gwyddoniaid, according to the Iolo MSS., a school of predruidic sages and enchanters.
GWYNFYD. The second of the three circles of Existence, the Circle of Bliss. At the time when the Deity, waking in Ceugant from the Universal Night (which had been preceded by other universal days and nights) sounded His own Threefold Name -- the Tair Gwaedd or Three Shouts of the story -- in order to waken the Universe from latent into manifested being, so that the stars and suns and systems "flashed into manifestation more swiftly than the lightning reaches its home"; the Blessed Ones or Gwynfydolion, who are ourselves, awoke in Gwynfyd, and looked forth over the gulf of Abred, the Great Deep; and saw the heights of Ceugant unattained; and determined to ride forth through space and take Ceugant by storm. On that expedition we still are traveling; for passing through Abred we were unable to withstand its tempting hosts, and fell into matter and incarnation; and it is with the gathered spoils of the deep, the experience of ages upon ages, that we shall come at last to the peaks of Ceugant, victors. (See Barddas, Iolo MSS., and other writings of the Glamorgan School).
HAI ATTON. Literally, Heigh to us! The bugle call for gathering the hosts. (See Allen Raine's Hearts of Wales, our sole authority for the use of this term. We have much to be thankful to Allen Raine for; and still more if she invented this glorious phrase.) Hai is pronounced like English high.
HEN. Ancient.
HIRLAS. A drinking-horn; literally, "long blue."
HU GADARN. According to Richards' Dictionary, hu means "the all-pervading."
HWYL. The method of chanting used in Wales for poetry and rhetoric. The word means "sail"; the idea being that the inspiration drives and fills the spoken words with a certain vibrant, singing quality of sound, as the wind fills and drives and swells the sails of a ship.
LLOEGR. England.
MABWNION. A cantref in Cardigan.
MON. Anglesey.
MYNWY. Monmouthshire.
MYNYDD. Mountain. Mynydd Amanw, the Black Mountain in Carmarthenshire.
O FOROEDD AC O FYNYDD, etc.
"Out of the seas and the mountain, And the waves of the rivers, Comes a God with gifts for the fortunate." -- Taliesin, Dyhuddiant Elphin
PAIR DADENI. The Cauldron of Reincarnation, the Cauldron of Ceridwen.
PEN. Head, Chieftain.
PENBARDD. See Benbardd.
PENDEFIG. Prince, Chieftain.
PENNILLION. Verses.
PENTEULU. The Chief of the Teulu.
PRIF-FARDD. See Brif-fardd.
TEULU. In modern Welsh, Household; but here it has the old meaning of the standing army or bodyguard of the Welsh Princes. The teulu consisted generally of a hundred and twenty men of the noble class, whose duty it was to be exterminated in battle before the king should be slain. (See Professor Lloyd's History, to which we are indebted for this and much other information.)
YNYS. Island. Ynys Prydain, Ynys Wen, Ynys y Cedyrn: the Beautiful Isle (or Island of Prydain ab Aedd Mawr, an ancient king), the White or Sacred Isle, the Island of the Mighty: names of Ancient Britain. I suppose that the phrase "the three Islands of the Mighty," used in the Mabinogion, would be really the equivalent of "the threefold or three-divisioned Island of the Mighty," and would refer to the three divisions of that island, ancient as well as modern: Cymru, Kernow, and Alban; Wales, Cornwall, and Scotland.
YSTRAD
The Isles of Scilly (pronounced /ˈsɪli/; Cornish: Syllan/ En-Nour/ Ennor) form an archipelago off the southwestern tip of the Cornish peninsula of Great Britain. The islands have had a unitary authority council since 1890, and are separate from the Cornwall unitary authority, but some services are combined with Cornwall and the islands are still part of the ceremonial county of Cornwall. This council is part of the UK and currently known as the Council of the Isles of Scilly.
The correct name for the islands is the Isles of Scilly, or simply Scilly; the people of Scilly consider the term "Scilly Isles" to be incorrect. The adjective "Scillonian" is sometimes used for people or things related to the archipelago.
Scilly has been inhabited since the Stone Age and its history has been one of subsistence living until the early 20th century (people lived from what they could get from the land or the sea). Farming and fishing continue today, but the main industry now is tourism.
The islands may correspond to the Cassiterides (Tin Isles) visited by the Phoenicians and mentioned by the Greeks. However, the archipelago itself no longer contains much surface deposits of tin—it may be that they were used as a ritualist/staging post from the mainland.
It is likely that until relatively recent times the Isles were much larger with many of them joined into one island, named Ennor. Rising sea levels flooded the central plain around 400–500 AD, forming the current islands.[5]
Evidence for the older large island includes:
Offshore, midway between Land's End and the Isles of Scilly, is the supposed location of the mythical lost land of Lyonesse, referred to in Arthurian literature. This may be a folk memory of inundated lands, but this legend is also common amongst the Brythonic peoples; the legend of Ys is a parallel and cognate legend in Brittany. Norse and Norman period Olaf Tryggvason, who supposedly visited the islands in 986. It is said an encounter with a cleric there led him to Christianise Norway At the time of King Cnut, the Isles of Scilly fell outside England, as did Wales and Cornwall
In 995 Olaf Tryggvason would become King Olaf I of Norway. Born c. 960, Olaf had raided various European cities and fought in several wars. In 986 however, he (supposedly) met a Christian seer on the Isles of Scilly. In Snorri Sturluson's Royal Sagas of Norway, it is stated that this seer told him:
The legend continues that, as the seer foretold, Olaf was attacked by a group of mutineers upon returning to his ships. As soon as he had recovered from his wounds, he let himself be baptized. He then stopped raiding Christian cities and lived in England and Ireland. In 995 he used an opportunity to return to Norway. When he arrived, the Haakon Jarl was already facing a revolt. Olaf Tryggvason persuaded the rebels to accept him as their king, and Haakon Jarl was killed by his own slave, while he was hiding from the rebels in a pig sty.
With the Norman Conquest, the Isles of Scilly came more under centralised control. About twenty years later, the Domesday survey was conducted. The islands would have formed part of the "Exeter Domesday" circuit, which included Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, and Wiltshire.
In the mid-12th century there was reportedly a Viking attack on the Isles of Scilly, called Syllingar by the Norse,[8] recorded in the Orkneyinga saga— Sweyn Asleifsson "went south, under Ireland, and seized a barge belonging to some monks in Syllingar and plundered it."[8] (Chap LXXIII)
"Maríuhöfn", literally means "Mary's Harbour/Haven". The name doesn't make it clear whether it referred to a harbour on a larger island than today's St Mary's, or a whole island.
It is generally considered that Cornwall, and possibly the Isles of Scilly came under the dominion of the English Crown late in the reign of Athelstan. In early times one group of islands was in the possession of a confederacy of hermits. King Henry I gave it to the abbey of Tavistock who established a priory on Tresco which was Middle Ages and early modern period Scilly was one of the Hundreds of Cornwall in the early 19th century (formerly known as Cornish Shires).
At the turn of the 14th century, the Abbot and convent of Tavistock Abbey petitioned the king saying that they
William le Poer, coroner of Scilly, is recorded in 1305 as being worried about the extent of wrecking in the islands, and sending a petition to the King. The names provide a wide variety of origins, e.g. Robert and Henry Sage (English), Richard de Tregenestre (Cornish), Ace de Veldre (French), Davy Gogch (possibly Welsh, or Cornish), and Adam le Fuiz Yaldicz (Spanish?).
It is not known at what point the islands' inhabitants stopped speaking Cornish, but it seems to have gone into decline during the Middle Ages. The islands appear to have lost the old Celtic language before parts of Penwith on the mainland, in contrast to the history of Irish or Scottish Gaelic.
During the English Civil War, the Parliamentarians captured the isles, only to see their garrison mutiny and return the isles to the Royalists. By 1651, the Royalist governor, Sir John Grenville, was using the islands as a base for privateering raids on Commonwealth and Dutch shipping. It was during this period that the Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War started between the isles and the Netherlands. In June 1651, Admiral Robert Blake captured the isles for the Parliamentarians. Blake's initial attack, on Old Grimsby, failed, but the next attacks succeeded in taking Tresco and Bryher. Blake set up a battery on Tresco to fire on St. Mary's, but one of the guns exploded, killing its crew and injuring Blake himself. A second battery proved more successful. Subsequently, Grenville and Blake negotiated terms that permitted the Royalists to surrender honourably. The Parliamentary forces then set to fortifying the islands. They built Cromwell's Castle—a gun platform on the west side of Tresco—using materials scavenged from an earlier gun platform further up the hill. Although this poorly sited earlier platform dated back to the 1550s, it is now referred to as King Charles's Castle.
The islands appear to have been raided frequently by Barbary pirates.
History of Bernard Leach in Japan
On February 18th 1911, Bernard Leach, a painter and printmaker went with his friend Tomomoto to see if they could organise an exhibition of their drawings at the newly opened independent art gallery Gahosha, in Tokyo.
The owners gladly assented and invited the newcomers to join other artists in the tearoom to the rear of the building. Someone who spoke English suggested to Leach that he paint a design on a teabowl, this he did.
The bowl was put into a small charcoal fired raku kiln on the veranda of the house, three quarters of an hour later the kiln was registering a blistering 1000centigrade. The hot pot was then picked out with tongs and put on the floor beside the kiln.
Bernard says of his time: "To my amazement the pottery withstood this treatment, the colour gradually changed and crackles formed in the glaze, twenty minutes later someone handed me the pot back in a piece of cloth. I was entralled and on the spot was seized with the desire to take up this craft." The rest is history.
Rosemary handmade Soap is one of our favourite products. A soap for revival after a long day. One of the green collection of soaps, Rosemary was the first essential oil we distilled, producing a very fresh, herbal scent. Handmade on our flower farm on St Agnes, Isles of Scilly.
Rosemary has a wide reputation of being an excellent hair product, said to encourage hair growth, in fact the head seems to benefit greatly from this wonderful herb, as for centuries it has been used to boost the memory and revive tired brains. Perhaps a good soap for students to use in exam time!
First article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Yma pub den genys frank hag equal yn dynyta hag yn gwyryow. Ymons y enduys gans reson ha keskans hag y tal dhedhans omdhon an eyl orth y gela yn sperys a vredereth.